*02-08.04.2006
Extra
New
“aemufESpf (100) wGif ArmvlrsKd; &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf”
ygarmuQ a'gufwmcifarmif=unf
,ae@aqG;aEG;csufwGif ar;cGef; (2) ckudk aqG;aEG;wifjyvdkonf? ppftpdk;&taejzifh ESpf (50-60) =umonfhwdkif wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaeEdkifoenf;[laom ar;cGef;ESifh ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;taejzifh rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh Tr#acgif;rmwif;cHae&oenf; [laom ar;cGef;wdk@ jzpfonf? Todk@ ppfwyfu tkyfcsKyfaeaomtajctaea=umifh wdkif;jynftajctaerSm vGefpGmqif;&Jae&+yD? Todk@ ppfwyf. tpdwftydkif;wcku Todk@rl0g'rsm;twdkif;qufvuftkyfcsKyfoGm;rnfqdkygu wdkif;jynfysufpD;oGm;&efom &Sd awmhonf?
r=umao;rDu tm%mydkifrsm;u "gwfqDavmifpmrsm; aps;udk tqrsm;pGm wdk;jr‡ifhcJh? ,cifrlvaps;xuf (8) qausmf jr‡ifhwifcJh? Todk@aps;wif+yD;onfESifh aemufwae@wGif bwfpfum;crsm;vnf; csufcsif;vdkufwufvmcJh? òrd@jyrsm;wGifaeol/ bwfpfum;rsm; udk tm;udk;ae&ol jynfolrsm;taejzifh tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;r&Sd? um;cay;p&m r&Sdaoma=umifh vrf;av#muf=u&? tdrfrS tvkyf/ tvkyfrStdrf vrf;av#muf=u&? tcsKd@rSm um;crwwfEdkifaoma=umifh vrf;ab;wGifyif jzpfovdk tdyf=u&? tcsKd@rSm vGefpGmqif;&Jaoma=umifh jyef&mvrf;wav#mufwGif wtdrfwufqif; tpmawmif;vm=u&? xdkolrsm;u ajym=uonfrSm rdrd wdk@onf awmif;pm;touf&Sifae=uol olawmif;pm;rsm;r[kwf=ua=umif;/ iwfvGef;Iom ,ckvdkawmif;=u&a=umif;ajym=u onf[k owif;rsm;=um;&onf?
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif (1930) urBmhpD;yGg;ysufuyf}uD; =uHK&aomtcsdefrSaeI ,ckumvwdkif Todk@aomtjzpftysufrsKd; r=uHKcJh=u&zl;? rdrdonf (1930) umvu uav;t&G,fjzpf&m tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk rSwfrdaeao;? (rdkufu&dkzkef; ae&mjyifqJajym) ,cktouf (80) &Sd+yDjzpf? odk@aomfvnf; rdrdtoHonfrmaeqJ? Ttajctaeudkyif *k%f,lonf?
ppf}uD;rjzpfcifumvu jrefrmrsm;onf tvkyftudkifay;cef@xm;olrsm;jzpfcJh=uonf? tdENd,. Zmwfedrfhrsm;jzpfaom awv*l pum;ajyma'orsm;rS ulvDrsm; ESifh a*:&if*sDrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vma&muftvkyfvkyfudkifcJh=u? ,ckawmh jrefrmrsm;rSm ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif tjcm;olrsm;. tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfudkifae=u&? tajctaerSm ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;+yD? jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;. tajctaerSm r=uHKzl;avmufatmif edrfhusae=u&?
wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm; (rzGH@òzd;onf) udk xm;vdkufOD;? ,ck rdrdajymaeonfrSm jrefrmvlrsKd;trsm;pkaexdkif=uaom òrd@jya'orsm; tajctaeudk ajymaeonfjzpf? TtajctaerSm jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf t&Suf&p&medrfhuszG,ftajctaejzpf? tcsKd@aom tajctaersm;wGif ppfom;rsm;u vlxkrsm;udkðyrlaeyHkrsm;vnf; =um;ae&? ppfom;rsm;u a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk “&Sd &Sdcdk;prf;”[k [k ajym=uonf[k =um;&? rdrdwdk@"avhxHk;wrf;t& &Sdcdk;onfqdkonfrSm i,folu =uD;oludkt&dkaoay;aomyHkpHjzpf+yD;/ pdwfvdkvuf & vkyf=ujcif;jzpf? Ak'Nbmom0ifrsm;. xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& bk&m;/ oHCmrsm;ESifh =uD;olrsm;udkt&dktaoay;=ujcif; jzpf? ,ckawmh tm%mydkifrsm;u jynfolrsm;udk yHkrSefzdESdyfcdkif;apaom enf;emwckjzpfae? ,ciftwdwfumvwkef;u a*:&if*sD rsm;u Todk@edrfhus&aomtajctaeudk onf;cHaeEdkif=uonfqdkonfrSm rdrdwdk@udk,fudk rdrdwdk@Zmwfedrfhrsm;/ atmufajcuol rsm;[k cH,lxm;aoma=umifhvnf;jzpf? jrefrmrsm; Tr# atmufusaemufus edrfhus&aomtajctaeudk bmjzpfvdk@ onf;cH aeEdkif&oenf;qdkonfrSm ar;cGef;xkwfzG,fjzpf? pOf;pm;zG,faumif;aom ar;cGef;vnf;jzpf? Trsm;u Tr#apmfum;cHae&aom/ edrfhusae&aomtajctaejzpfay:aeygu wdkif;jynfvnf;ysufokOf;awmhrnfjzpf?
'kwd,urBmppfumv/ *syefrsm;usL;ausmfpOfumvu rdrdonf wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olajymufusm;wOD;jzpf? rdrdu xdktcsdefu rdrd. q&mozG,fjzpfaeaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. (qJvf) tpkacgif;aqmif ocifwOD;udk ar;cGef;xkwfcJh? *syefrsm;u rdrdwdk@ jynfolrsm;udk zdESdyfaeonfrSm vGefvGef;ae+yDjzpfa=umif;/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh qufvufonf;cH&efrjzpfEdkifawmha=umif;/ rdrdwdk@jyefcs&Hk om&Sdawmha=umif;/ aocsifaoygap? jyefcHcsrnf? tjcm;vlxkrsm;uvnf; tvm;wlcHpm;ae&+yDjzpfI/ jyefcs=uvdrfhrnf xif a=umif; aqG;aEG;cJh? olu jyefajymonfrSm “cifarmif=unf/ rif;xifovdk tajctaersKd;r[kwfbl;? rSm;w,f? tu,fI zdESdyfr_uodyfjyif;xefvGef;v#if vlxkawG u rxºuGEdkifawmhzl;? olwdk@qDu jyefºuGEdkifwJhtiftm;/ &kef;uefºuGEdkifwJht&nftcsif; (elasticity) ukefoGm;&w,f? 'Dtajc taersKd;rSm jyefcszdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;? ” ,ck jrefrmEdkifiHrSm&SdwJhvlxkawGvnf; TtajctaersKd; jzpfae&+yD? olwdk@tzdk@ tm;vHk;qHk;&_H;ukef&? olwdk@udk,folwdk@ jyef*k%f,lav;pm;&wJhpdwf/ ,Hk=unfr_/ twGif;tm;/ Zmwd/ ykn/ *k%frme tm;vHk;xkwf,l cHae&? zsufqD;cHae&? TtajctaerSmqdkv#if vltrsm;. epfemcHpm;ae&r_ 'kuQonf &Snf=umvdrfhrnfjzpf?
TtajctaerS aumufcsufqGJygu/ rdrdwdk@ Armrsm;onf Ttajctaetwdkif;qufvufoGm;aeygu/ vlrsKd;wck/ tkyfpkwck/ vlrsKd;pkwck/ EdkifiHa&;tpktzGJ@ vuQ%m wck (Political identity)/ tjzpfuyg urBmajray:u aysmufuG,foGm;Edkifaom tvm;tvm&Sd? vlxktrsm;taejzifh rdrdudk,fudk ,kH=unfr_/ *k%f,l=u&aomtajctae/ trsKd;ZmwdvuQ%m/ jrefrmr_ (Armr_) tm;vHk; zsufqD;cH=u&? wdkif;wyg;u vma&mufrtkyfpdk;&yJ ysufpD;oGm;Edkifaomtvm;tvm&Sd?
uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrdvlrsKd;. "avhxHk;pH/ ,Ofaus;r_ tpOftvmrsm;udk rlvwef;wGif oif=um;cJh=u&? TtajctaerSaeI rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;tay: *k%f,lr_jzpfvm&? tawG@t=uHKrsm;udk cHrifjrwfEdk;vm&? wdkif;jynftay: cspfcifjrwfEdk;vm&? Ttcsufrsm; udk ausmif;rsm;u ysKd;axmifay;vm=uonf? rdrdwdk@. rsKd;cspfpdwfrSm t*FvdyfudkvdkeDacwfausmif;rsm;uyif pwifjzpfay: &Sifoef vmcJhjcif;jzpf? }uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;jzpf? TjzpfpOfudk a,bl,stm;jzifh “vlr_b0jzpfwnfysKfd;axmifjcif;” (Socialization) [kac: onf? TjzpfpOfwGif rdrdwdk@. ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk avhvmoif,ljcif;/ cHkrifvmjcif;/ qufvufysKd;axmif wnf&Sdap jcif;rsm; yg0ifonf? ,cif rqvtpdk;&u TxHk;wrf;pOfvmynmoif=um;a&;pepfudk qdk&S,fvpfynma&;oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;rsm; ESifh tpm;xdk;cJh? Adkvfae0if;u vkyfcJh? ,cif rdrdwdk@uav;b0uzwfcJh&aom a'gif;zwfpmrSm ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udk oif=um;cJh? (a'gif;zwfpmrS uAsmwyk'fudk&GwfI/ tESpfom&/ "avhxHk;wrf;tay: cHkrifouf0ifapyHkudk &Sif;jy?) Adkvfae0if;ESifh rqvtpdk;&u tm;vHk;zsufqD;ypfcJh?
xdktcsdefu rdrdonft=uHay;aumfrwDwGif tzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJh?
rdrdu xdktcsdefu ynma&;0ef}uD;ESifhqHk&mwGif rjzpfoifha=umif;a0zefcJh? 5-ESpfom;uav;udk ‘or0g,rtm;ay;yg’[k[k &Gwfqdk cdkif;&Hk/ oif=um;ay;&Hkjzifh bmr#t"dy`g,fr&Sda=umif; a0zefcJh? or0g,r[laom pum;vHk;.aemufwGif &Snfvsm;aomordkif;ESifh tajccHtawG;tac:&Sd? a&mbwftdk0ifu t*FvefwGifpwifcJh+yD;/ qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:udk wenf;wzHkjzifh taumiftxnf azmfaomenf;/ t&if;&Sifpepf. qdk;&Gm;acgif;yHkjzwfvGef;aom tajctaeudk oufomaprnfhenf;wckjzpf? 5-ESpfom;uav;udk or0g,rtm;ay;yg[k &Gwfqdkcdkif;&Hkjzifh bmr#xl;jcm;rvmEdkif? xdktcsdefu ynma&;'k-0ef=uD;jzpfol a'gufwmnDnDu “OD;cif armif=unf/ cifAsm;wa,mufyJ usaemfwdk@udk axmufjya0zefr,fhol&Sdw,f/ rwlwJhtjrifudk ajymr,fhol&Sdw,f”[k [kajymcJh? usefaomolrsm;u acgif;nd‡drfh=uonf?
tckawmh ynma&;tajctaerSm tqdk;&Gm;qHk;aomtajctaewGif&Sd? ynma&;pepfwck[kyif ac:qdkI rjzpfEdkifawmh? uav; rsm;rSm jrefrmpmudkyif ajzmifhajzmifhra&;/ rzwfwwfawmh? puFmyl&Sd taumif;qHk;aom/ aps;=uD;vSaom (United World College) wGif ynmvmoifaeol jrefrmEdkifiHrS uav;rsm;udk awG@&? Tuav;trsm;pkrSm jrefrmEdkifiHrS AdkvfcsKyfrsm;.om; orD;rsm;/ ydkufqHwwfEdkifolrsm;. uav;rsm;jzpf? jrefrmEdkifiH. a&ay:qD vufa&G;piftv$mrsm; (elites) [k qdkEdkif? Tuav; rsm;rSm jrefrmEdkifiH. vuf&Sdynma&;pepfatmufu arG;xkwfvmolrsm;jzpf? odk@aomfvnf; Tuav;rsm;rSm t*Fvdyfpmvnf; tqifhjrifhjrifhr&/ jrefrmpmvnf; aumif;aumif;rwwfjzpfae=u&? olwdk@. rdcifbmompum;udk aumif;aumif;ra&;rzwfEdkif awmh? Tae&mwGif “jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ynma&;pepfrS rnfodk@aomuav;rsm;udk arG;xkwfaeygoenf;” qdkonfudk ar;cGef;xkwf p&mjzpfvm? Tppftpdk;&taejzifh “vlr_b0jzpfwnfysKfd;axmifjcif;jzpfpOf” (Socialization) wckvHk;udk vHk;0 aysmufuG,f atmifvkyfae+yD jzpfa=umif;ajymvdk? tm;vHk; qHk;&_H;&awmhrnfjzpf? aemufvmrnfh&mpkwGif EdkifiHa&m/ vlrsKd;ygqHk;&_H;uG,faysmuf =u&awmhrnfjzpf?
puFmyl ydkvDwuUedufausmif;rsm;wGif vma&mufynmoif=um;ae=uaom jrefrmvli,ftrsm;tjym;&Sd? Tjrefrmvli,frsm;rSm tdrfrjyefvdk=u? jzpfEdkifoI wdkif;jynfjyifywGif qufvufaexdkifvdk=u? jzpfEdkifygu tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif oGm;a&muftajccs aexdkifvdk=u? TonfrSm wdkif;jynf. aemufqHk;aojcif;omjzpfawmhrnf? vmrnfh ESpf (100) umvwGif/ ArmqdkonfrSm &Sd awmhrnfr[kwf? &Srf;qdkonfrSmvnf; &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf? u&ifqdkonfrSmvnf; &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf? tjcm;aomwdkif;&if;om; rsm;qdkonfrSmvnf; &SdEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf? TonfrSm tvGef=uD;rm;aomjy\emjzpf? wdkif;jynf. ordkif;a&;qdkif&m&&Sdatmif jrifcsufrsm;/ xHk;wrf;pOfvm todonmrsm;/ EdkifiHESifhvlrsKd;. *k%f/ Zmwd/ rmersm;aoqHk;oGm;awmhrnfjzpf?
Todk@vltrsm;u azmfjycsufrSm &Sif;vGef;vS? rif;wdk@.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif raevdk[kazmfjycsufomjzpf? jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkif;u wdkif;jynfu xGufajy;ae=u? Todk@qdkv#if jrefrm,Ofaus;r_/ xHk;wrf;pOfvmqdkonfwdk@rSmvnf; &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf? Todk@ qdkv#if jrefrmvlrsKd;r&SdrSawmh/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfqdkonfrSmvnf; &SdEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf?
pD;yGg;a&;t&qdkv#ifvnf;/ tvm;wljzpfysufae? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh (1989) ckESpfwGif aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;wHcg;zGifhcJh? odk@aomf vnf;/ ,ck (2006) ckESpfwdkifatmif “aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepf” ppfppfr[kwfao;? aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepftppfqdkv#if atmuf azmfjyyg tcsuf (4) csufjynfhpHk&ef vdktyf?
1? aps;uGufusifhoHk;yHkpepfudk tqifhwdkif;wGif usifhoHk;&efvdk? aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfqdkonfrSm ukefpnfpvS,frsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_ rsm;udk vltrsm;tcsif;csif; vGwfvyfpGmzvS,fcGifhðya&;jzpf? ,ck tajctaerSm Todk@r[kwf? jrefrm vlrsKd;rsm;taejzifh olwyg; wdkif;jynfwGif u|efuJhodk@wESpfygwfvHk;vkyf&? Todk@vkyfI vc&aomfvnf; &aomaiG ESifhwdkif;jynftwGif;odk@ um;oGif;cGifhr&Sd? EdkifiHjcm;aiGa=u;zvS,fr_rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rvGwfvyfao;? xdef;csKyfxm;? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vkyfydkifcGifhtm;vHk;udk &,lxdef;csKyf xm;olrSm AdkvfcsKyfrsm;omjzpf? olwdk@u emrnf=uD;bkef;awmf=uD; wyg;udk um;tpD; (200) oGif;cGifhay;? Tbkef;awmf=uD;u um;tpD; (200) udk rnfodk@vkyfrnfenf;? tkyfcsKyfolrsm; u tcGifhta&;rsm;udkzefwD;xm;? a&mif;cGifh/ 0,fcGifh ponfhtcGifhta&; rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;?
2? 'kwd,tcsufrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; (rule of law) udk xdef;odrf;&rnfjzpf? qdkvdkonfrSm aqG;rsKd;eD;pyfudk tajccHIaomfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;qufEG,fr_udk tajccHIaomfvnf;aumif; vmbfpm;r_/ tuwdvdkufpm;r_ uif;aeap&rnf? upm;yGJ. Oya'orsm; &Sif; vif;jrifomap&rnf?
3? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_ &Sdap&rnf? ygwf0ef;usifnpfnrf;apolu tzdk;tcay;&rnf?
4? aemufqHk;tcsuftaejzifh/ tpdk;&. tcef;u¾udk avsmhcsay;&rnf?
TpHE_ef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh wdkif;wmv#if jrefrmEdkifiH wGif aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepf ppfppfrjzpfay:ao;[k ajymEdkif?
Ttajctaersm;a=umifh/ AdkvfcsKyfrsm;taejzifh Tr#acgif;rmwif;cHaejcif;jzpf? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@taejzifh TtcGifhta&;rsm; udktqHk;t&_H; rcHEdkif? aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfwGif upm;yGJ.pnf;rsOf;udk aocsm&Sif;vif;atmifazmfjyxm;&rnf? Tpnf;urf;rsm; udk jyefvSefppfaq;&ef vkyfxHk;rsm;&Sd&ef vdktyf+yD;/ Ttcsufudkvnf; jrifom/ &Sif;vif;ap&rnf? ,ck jrefrmEdkifiHwGif AdkvfcsKyfrsm; usifhoHk;aeaompD;yGg;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_pepfrSm enf;pepftopfjzpf? ta=umif;rSm TtcGifhta&;rsm;udk&&SdcHpm;EdkifcGifh&SdaeoI/ AdkvfcsKyfrsm;u tajymif;tvJvkyfvdrfhrnfr[kwf? ajymif;vJvdrfhrnfr[kwf? Todk@jzifh EdkifiHwckvHk;ysufpD;&awmhrnfjzpf?
puFmylwGifaexdkif=uaom rdwfaqGrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif TtajctaeatmufYyif pD;yGg;a&;vkyfEdkifrnf[k ,lqcJh=u? olwdk@u ajym=uonfrSm tif'dkeD;&Sm;&Sd vmbfpm;aeaompepfatmufYyif tvkyfvkyfIjzpfcJha=umif;/ xdk@twGufa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfrsm;tkyf csKyfaeaom jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; jzpfEdkifrnf[k ,lqcJh=u? puFmylrdwfaqGu oHaps;ukd 0,fcJh? aemufqHk;qHk;jzwfolwa,muf vufrS wa,mufajymif;um/ tvkyfrjzpfEdkifyJolwdk@ a':vm (3) oef;qHk;cJh=u&? vmbfpm;jcpm;r_rsm;jym;vGef;aoma=umifh pD;yGg; a&;udpPwckudk tqHk;owfEdkif&ef/ AdkvfcsKyfwOD;/ 0ef=uD;Xmewckjzifh rjzpfEdkif? xdk@twGufa=umifh w&Hk;+yD;w&Hk;/ wXme+yD;wXme vSnfhywfIom tcsdefukefcJh&? AdkvfcsKyfwOD;udk a=ueyfatmifvkyfay;+yD;/ aemufwOD;uvnf; xyfvdkcsifaejyefao;? Todk@aom upm;yGJpnf;rsOf;rsKfd;atmufwGif rnfonfhpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;r# r&Sifoef r=uD;xGm;Edkif? rdrdjrifawG@&aomtajctaet&/ pdwf"gwf usp&mrsm; csnf;omjzpf?
olwdk@tzdk@ TtajctaersKd;wGif tusKd;jzpfaeor#umvygwfvHk; tm%mudkpGef@rnfr[kwf? tm%mrpGef@onfrSm a':atmif qef;pk=unfa=umifhvnf; r[kwf? tJeft,fvf'Da=umifhvnf; r[kwf? ta=umif;rSm Todk@txl;tcGifhta&;&aeaomtajc taeudk rpGef@v$wfvdkIomjzpf? xm0& aevdk=uonfjzpf? ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;taejzifh aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfppfppfudkyif taumif txnfazmf&ef qENr&Sd? Tta=umifha=umifhyif acgif;rmrmESifhwif;cHae=ujcif;jzpf? vuf&SdtajctaerSm olwdk@twGuf txl; aumif;rGefaomtajctaejzpfae?
,cktcsdefwGif &Sdor#t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ tm;vHk;ukefoavmufjzpfvmae? trsKd;om;=uHhcdkifr_ cHEdkifpGrf;vnf; òydvJoGm;+yD? rdrdajym vdkonfrSm rdrdwdk@tajctae+yD;oGm;+yDjzpf? tm;vHk;ysufpD;ukef&+yDjzpf? rdrdtaejzifh xGufaygufvrf; rjrif? rdrd,cka[majymyGJ rvmrDu vrf;wGif rdrd.wynfhwOD;jzpfol/ befaumuf&Sd jrefrmygarmuQwOD;u rdrdudkt=uHay;cJh? “q&m&,f/ tm;vHk; pdwf ysufp&mawGcsnf; rajymvdkufygeJ@? uav;awG pdwf"gwfusukefygvdrfhr,f?” bmyJjzpfjzpf rdrd,ckajymcJhonfrSm trSeftwdkif; ajymonfjzpf? jrifonfhtwdkif; ajymonfjzpf? rdrd. pdwfysufr_awGcsnf;ajymaeonfjzpfEdkifovdk/ vltdkwOD;. jrif&onfh pdwf ysufzG,f tajctaeawGvnf; jzpfEdkif?
vuf&Sdtajctaetwdkif;oGm;vsif aemufESpf (100) wGif ArmvlrsKd;qdkonfrSm &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf? &Srf;vlrsKd;vnf; &Sdawmhrnf r[kwf? urBmhordkif;wGif ajryHkay:uEdkifiHaysmufuG,foGm;cJh&aom tmar;eD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm; tawG@t=uHK&SdcJh? TtawG@t=uHKudk 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; tajctaewGif avhvmEdkif?
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh w&kyfEdkifiH. tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf wjznf;jznf;rnfodk@jzpfvmaeoenf;qdkaom tar;&Sdxm;? Tar;cGef; onf w&kyfEdkifiHtaejzifh rdrdwdk@tay:rnfodk@awG;xifjrifxm;onfqdkonfh tcsufESifhoufqdkif?
w&kyfEdkifiHonf tpOftvmt& jrefrmEdkifiHudk ‚if;.e,fajrwcktjzpfowfrSwfxm;? bdk;awmfbk&m; vufxuf w&kyf usL;ausmfolrsm;ESifh ppf (4) }udrfjzpfzl;cJh? xdktcsdefu ppfol}uD;r[moD&ol&onfausmf=um;aom wyfrSL;jzpfIppfyGJrSm 6-7 ESpfwdkif=umcJh? aemufqHk;wGif wydefudke,fpyfa'otjzpfxm;I ppfausat;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdkEdkifcJh? ppfyGJumvtwGif; w&kyf ppfAdkvfcsKyf (2) OD; owfao=uonftxd jzpfcJh&? wOD;rSm ,leefjynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;jzpf? ppfyGJrSm ppfausat;a&;pmcsKyfjzifh tqHk;owfcJh+yD;/ tjyeftvSef rusL;ausmfa&;ESifh w&kyfESifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf &dk;&mtpOftvmt& pnf;aESmifqufpyfr_rsm;&Sd a=umif; azmfjyxm;? r[moD&ol& ppfol=uD;taejzifh w&kyfEdkifiHonftiftm;=uD;a=umif;/ a&&Snfppfwdkufae&ef rjzpfEdkif a=umif; oabmaygufI/ pmcsKyfonf v_yfomvSnfhomaom AsL[mwcktjzpf oabmxm;? w&kyfzufuvnf; tpOftvm t& pnf;aESmifqufpyfaer_udk azmfjyxm;aoma=umifh/ a=ueyf? (jrefrmbk&ifrSm TppfpmcsKyf csKyfqdkonfhtay:a':oxGufI/ trsufajyap&eftwGuf r[moD&ol&u tjcm;e,frsm;jzpfaom tmoHESifh r%dyla'orsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufay;cJh&?) tpOf tvmt& jrefrmEdkifiHonf w&kyf.pdwfyg0ifpm;aome,fyg,fwckjzpf+yD;/ rnfodk@r# vufv$wfcHEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf?
tpOftvmt& jrefrmEdkifiHESifh w&kyfEdkifiHt=um; wdwdususe,fpyfowfrSwfxm;r_ r&SdcJh? jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh tcsdef ra&G;qdkovdk/ e,fpyfjzwful;vufrSwfuav;jzifh w&kyfEdkifiHtwGif;0ifEdkif/ rnfonfhae&mrqdk oGm;a&mufEdkif? jrefrmEdkifiHtae jzifh ukefoG,fvrf;a=umif;ay:wGif&Sd/ twdwfumvu ydk;vrf;r}uD;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHonf w&kyfEdkifiH.tdENd,ork'N&m.xGufayguf wckjzpf? r[mAsL[mt& jrefrmEdkifiHwnf&Sdaer_onf ta&;ygaomae&mwGif&Sd? tENd,-w&kyf- jrefrm qufoG,fa&;vrf; a=umif;ay:wGif&Sd? atqD,HtzGJ@twGif;&SdEdkifiHrsm;wGif (AD,uferfwEdkifiHrSvGJI) tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif Todk@e,fedrdwfxdpyf xm;r_ r&Sd? w&kyfEdkifiHtaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHudkjzwfI ulrif;-Aef;armfvrf;r=uD;rSaomfvnf;aumif;/ wESpfygwfvHk;c&D;oGm;vmI &aom {&m0wDjrpfa=umif;rSaomfvnf;aumif; tdENd,ork'N&modk@ qufoG,fEdkif?
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tar&duefEdkifiH. =oZmpuf0ef;atmufodk@ usoGm;Edkifonfhta&;onf/ w&kyfEdkifiHtwGuf +cdrf;ajcmufr_ w&yftjzpf cH,lxm;? jrefrmEdkifiH. qdyfurf;rsm;onf w&kyfEdkifiHu r[mAsL[majrmufae&mrsm;tjzpf wefzdk;xm;? rdrdwdk@ taejzifh Ttajctaeudk &Sif;vif;pGmoabmaygufxm;&efvdk?
AdkvfcsKyfrsm;taejzifh Ttajctaeudk oabmrayguf[k rdrd,lq? TtwGufa=umifhyif w&kyf.vufwGif;odk@ ydkIydkI oufqif;vmae&? &cdkifjynfe,f&Sd ausmufjzLqdyfurf;udk w&kyfvufv$JcJh? ,cktcsdefwGif rdrdpmwrf;wapmifa&;ae? “jrefrm EdkifiHtaejzifh 21-&mpkwGif &SifoefEdkifygrnfavm”[k [ktrnfay;xm;? r=umcif zwf&rnf?
atqD,HtzGJ@taejzifh ygwfoufI ajym&rnfqdkv#if/ atqD,Hu jrefrmEdkifiHudk vdktyfaeonfu ydk? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh atqD,Hudk odyfrvdktyfvS? atqD,HtzGJ@twGif;&Sd EdkifiHrsm;rSm olrom/ udk,from òydifzufrsm;csnf;omjzpf? rdrdwdk@tcsif;csif; tusKd;pD;yGg; tjyeftvSefjznfhqnf;ay;Edkifaom taetxm; rjrifvS? jrefrmEdkifiHwckwnf;om ta&;ygvSaomw&kyfESifh tdENd, e,fpyfqufpyfaer_udk xdef;xm;? AD,uferfEdkifiHrSvGJI atqD,HEdkifiHrsm;wGif Todk@e,fpyfxdpyfr_rsKd; r&SdvS?
tu,fI atqD,HtwGif; vGwfvyfaomukefoG,fa&;ZHk (tufzfwm) (AFTA) jzpfvmcJhaomf/ rdrdwdk@EdkifiHtusKd;pD;yGg;udk qef@usif? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tufzfwm. t"dy`g,frSm taumufcGefrsm;pkaumufrnfh or*~rsKd;jzpf? jyifyrSvma&mif;ol rsm;udk pkaygif;I oGif;ukefcGefaumufrnfjzpf+yD;/ tcsif;csif; a&mif;0,fr_udk tcGefxm;rnfr[kwf? jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh acwf aemufusaeaom 0,f,lpm;oHk;olrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@taejzifh odyfraumif;vSaom rav;&Sm;xkwfukefrsKd;udkom 0,fIa=ueyf ap&ef uef@owfcH&vdrfhrnf? jyifyrS0,fygu aps;=uD;ay;&Edkifonf? rav;&Sm;ukefrsm;rSm t&nftaoG;rjrifhvSao;yJ/ avhvm prf;oyfxkwfvkyfaeqJ tqifh (learning process) rSmyif&Sd? tcsif;csif; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_rsm;rSmvnf; rwlvS? rdrdwdk@taejzifh t&nftaoG;rjrifhvSaom xkwfukefrsm;udkom r0,fvdk? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tusKd;tjrwfjzpfapvdrfhrnfr[kwf? rdrdwdk@tae jzifh rlvvuf&if;xkwfvkyfonfhEdkifiHrsm;rS 0,f,lEdkif? rdrdwdk@taejzifh atqD,HtzGJ@ESifh ygwfoufvmvsif rnfonfhvkyfief;/ tusKd;pD;yGg;r# r&Sd? urfabm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif ydkayghu vlwoef;ausmfowfcJhpOfumvu/ atqD,HtzGJ@taejzifh vufwacsmif axmifI ruef@uGufcJh? bmodbmomaecJh? rdrdtaejzifh 'Drdkua&pD&I t=uHay;cGifh&cJhaomf/ yxrOD;pGmay;rnfht=uHrSm atqD,H tzGJ@rS/ jrefrmEdkifiHxGufypf&efjzpf?
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ygarmuQ a'gufwmcifarmif=unf
bD/ uGrf (&efukef)? trf/ bD/ at ([m;Awf)? yD/ tdyfcsf/ 'D (aumfeJvf)
&efukefwuUodkvf/ pD;yGg;a&;wuUodkvfr[mXmewGif enf;jyq&mtjzpfESifh aemufydkif;wGif ygarmuQ tjzpf (1954) rS (1978) ckESpf txdwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? ygwefeD,ef rav;&Sm;wuUodkvf (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia) wGif pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGg;a&;ynmygarmuQtjzpf (1978-79) wGif wm0ef,lcJhonf? (1979-1988) umvwGif puFmyltrsKd;om; wuUodkvf (National University of Singapore) wGif pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&mpDrHcef@cGJr_ynm vufaxmuf ygarmuQtjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifonf? (1988-90) wGif EdkifiHwum a&ay;wl;ajrmif;rsm; pDrHcef@cGJr_ody`H (International Irrigation Management Institute) Y txufwef; pDrH cef@cGJa&;txl;u|rf;usifoltjzpf wm0ef,lonf? (1991-98) wGif puFmyl trsKd;om;wuUodkvfY pD;yGg;a&; qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;XmeY tqifhjrifhynm&Siftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? ol. jrefrmEdkifiHESifh oufqdkifaom okawoeðycsufrsm;wGif jynfwGif;pufr_ vkyfief;rsm;tajctaeudk okawoeðyjcif;/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tajc taeudkavhvmjcif;/ tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh aps;E_ef;owfrSwfr_ vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif avhvmjcif;/ EdkifiHawmfydkifpuf&Hkrsm;udk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mudpPrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom jrefrmEdkifiH.pD;yGg;a&; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_ qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk avhvmokawoe ðycJhonf? xdk@tjyif tpdk;&.vkyfief;Xmetrsm;tjym;wGif t=uHay;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme. aps;E_ef;owfrSwfa&;aumfrwD/ ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;=uyfxdef;csKyfa&; aumfrwD/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; 0ef}uD;Xme. &xm;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; aumfrwD/ ynma&;0ef}uD;Xme/ b¾ma&;ESifh pDrHudef;0ef}uD;Xmersm; jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif a'gufwmcifarmif =unfonf trsKd;om;a&;vrf;!$efrl rsm;a&;qGJa&;qdkif&m t=uHay;aumfrwD (txl;ojzifh 33- OD; aumfrwD [k vlodrsm;onf?) tzGJ@0ifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? xdkaumfrwDrS jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD OuUXxHodk@ t=uHðy csufrsm; wifoGif;ay;cJh&onf? xdk@tjyif ynm&Sifrsm; qdkif&mtoif;tzGJ@tawmfrsm;rsm;wGifvnf; *k%fxl; aqmifwm0ef rsm;,lcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif; (Burma Research Society) wGif tzGJ@0if/ twGif;a&;rSL;/ aemufydkif;wGif OuUXtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;wGif&Sdaom òrd@i,fav;wck&Sd òrd@ol}uD;rdom;pkrS aygufzGm;vmcJhol jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufydkif;wGifvli,fv_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wufºuGv_yf&Sm;cJholjzpfonf?
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Comments
Ank Kyaw said _
t,f'Dwm udkawZa&/
q&m=uD;&J@ 'Daqmif;yg;udk usaemfwkd@Armtrsm;pkzwfekdifatmif vkyfay;oifhw,f//
Armynm&Sif&J@ Armjynftem*gwfvmrJh tESpf 100 twGufrSef;qcsufpmwrf;udk
tm;vkH;odxm;oifhw,f// acgif;xJrSmpGJaeoifhw,f//'grS igwkd@b,fvkdae&mawGu yg0if
jyD; 'Dvkdrjzpfatmif b,fvkd=udK;pm;=urvJ/ wm;qD;=urvJ txdpOf;pm;=urSm/vkyf=urSm//
aus;Zl;bJAsdL@ q&m=uD;pm az:jyay;wm//
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