jrefrmjynfolwdkk hxH ay;aompm

 

ae@pëJ ar (10)&uf/ 2006 ckESpf?

jrefrmjynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk@cifAsm; -

u|efawmfonf &efukefòrdhawmfcef;ra&ShrSm wudk,fawmfqENjycJhr_jzifh tif;pdeftusOf;axmifwGif wpfESpfcGJ axmifuscJhzl;ol touf(78)ESpf&Sd csif;trsdK;om; t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef;jzpfygw,f? vuf&Sd jrefrmjynf&Jh tajctaeoHk;oyf&vsif –

1?jrefrmjynfolrsm; vl@tcGifhta&;rSefor# qHk;±SHL;ae=u&+yD; vlom;&Jh tedrfhqHk;tajctaerSm vuf&Sd touf&Sifae=u&w,f?

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3? Ak'<bmom r[kwfolrsm;tay: trsdK;rsdK; tEdkifusifhr_a=umifh Ak'<bmomtay: tjrifapmif;apygw,f?

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rdrdudk,fudk vGwfajrmufatmif wdkif;wyg;udk tm;udk;raebJ tdrfxJrS tdrfjyifrxGuf&wJh t=urf;rzuf aom +idrf;csrf;wJhenf;eJ@ taxGaxGtm%mzDqefyGJ}uD;udk jynfolw&yfvHk; nD!GwfpGm yg0ifaqmif&Guf=uygvdk@ rdrd toufudk &if;+yD; tbwdkufwGef;tyfygw,f?

tb aoqHk;+yD; usef&pfrnfh jrefrmjynfonf urBmhyGJvnfwifhapownf;?

ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf? ppf0g'D usqHk;&rnf?

av;pm;pGmjzifh

tb a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef; (t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ)

acwWtar&duefjynf

 

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yef=um;csuf

 

 

jrefrmjynf&Sd vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &Jabmfrsm;cifAsm;

tb[m rdrd,Hk=unfcsufa=umifh tif;pdefaxmifY wESpfcGJcef@ tusOf;csxm;jcif;cHcJh&aom touf(78)ESpf&Sd t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef;jzpfygw,f? tbonf 1943 ckESpfuwnf;u ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrSm t&efwyfom;/ vufa&G;pifwyfom;/ ausmif;om;&JacgifESifh csif;trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;wyfzGJ@ (CDO)wGif c±dkif ppfacgif;aqmiftjzpf vkyfudkifzl;I 1969 ESpfrS 1974 ckESpfwdkif rEWav;&Sd wuUodkvfrsm;. wuUodkvft&efwyf&if;wGif vnf; wyfrª;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhzl;oljzpfygonf? 1949 ckESpfwGif arSmfbDpdkufysdK;a&; O,smOfteD; AuywyfESifh wdkufyGJwGif vnf;aumif;/ 'nif;ukef;wGif KNDO ESifh wdkufyGJwGifvnf;aumif;/ First Burma Regiment ESifhtwl wuUodkvf ausmif;om;b0Y wdkufyGJ0ifcJhzl;onfh om;armifwdk@uJhodk@aom &JabmfwOD;vnf; jzpfcJhzl;ygonf?

OD;Ek. w&m;0iftpdk;&tm; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh taygif;tygwdk@onf 1962 ckESpfwGif vufeufjzifh ausmif;om; jynfolrsm;udk owfI EdkifiHawmftm%mudk rw&m; &,lcJhygonf? ppftkyfcsKyfa&; rESpfòrdhaom ausmif;om;&[ef;&Sifvl tjyif =unf;a&avwdk@rSvnf; tcsdKOEaom &Jabmfrsm; vma&mufyl;aygif;jcif;jzifh 1988 ckESpfwGif &Spfav;vHk;[k trnfwGifcJh aom taxGaxGtHkºuGr_}uD; qifE$JcJh=uonfrSm &Jabmfwdk@todjzpfygonf? xdk tHkºuGr_}uD;udk Zmwfwlom;pm;wJh AdkvfcsKyf apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$wdk@ yg0ifaom wyfrawmftrnfcHwdk@u vufeufjzifh ajz&Sif;I EdkifiHawmftm%mudk jyefvnf odrf;,lcJhygw,f? 1990 ckESpfwGif ygwDpHk taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ}ud;udk tedkif&oltm; tm%mtyfESif;I ppfwef;vsm; jyef =urnf[k aºuG;a=umf+yD; ygwDpHk taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ}uD; usif;yay;cJhygonf? tEdkif&aom ygwDtm; tm%mrtyfonfh tjyif ygwDacgif;aqmifwcsdKhtm; zrf;+yD; tusOf;csI tcsdKhudkvnf; ZD0defac|cJha=umif; tarmif&Jabmfwdk@tod jzpfygonf?

ppftpdk;& ESpfqufaygif; (43)ESpfausmfwGif pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ w&m; pD&ifa&; ponfwdk@wGif tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh r,SOfEdkifonftxd c|wfòcHus+yD; vl}uD;vli,f pm&dwWysufjym;r_wGif pHwif&avmuf atmifyif edrfhqif;oGm;cJh&ayonf? wdkif;&if;om;nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;. v,f,mtdk;tdrfwdk@udk avsmfa=u;ray;yJ odrf;,l +yD; ‚if;wdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;/ ±dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm; zsufqD;um orD;ysdKrsm;udkyif ajcawmfwifr_ udk &Jabmfwdk@todjzpfygonf? 'DvdktjzpftysufrsdK;rS uav;awG&Jh idk,dkoH/ orD;ysdKwdk@&Jh ±d_ufoHawG/ vl}uD;awG&Jh oufjyif;cs nnf;nLoHawG wae@wjcm; jyif;xefvm+yD; us,favmifpGm tb=um;ae& jrifae&ygw,f? tb[m vleJ@rl cGJ+yD; jrifyg w,f? aoG;om;eJ@&SdaewJh vlyk*d~KvfAdkvfcsKyfawGudk =uifemaomfvnf; olwdk@&Jh qdk;,kwfaom nOfqdk;udkawmh wdkufxkwf&rSm jzpfygw,f?

'DnOfqdk;awG azsmuf+yD; ppfom;yDyD t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh vHk;0rywfoufyJ ppfAdkvfrsm; ppfwyfodk@ jyef=u&ef tb r=umrD arwWm&yfcHygrnf? tu,fI tb&Jh arwWm&yfcHcsufudk pdk;pOf;r# rwkef@jyefvsifrl t&yfbuf jynfolvlxkESifh vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@wdk@ yl;aygif;+yd; taxGaxG tm%mzDqefyGJ}uD;udk qufvufusif;yvdkygw,f? vlxkonf TyGJudk qifE$J&ef tdrfxJrS tdrfjyifodk@xGuf&ef rvdkyg? ðyvkyf&rnfh tqifh(5)qifh&Sdygw,f? &Jabmfwdk@eJ@ waysmfwyg;}uD; yl;aygif; usif;yEdkif&ef TyGJrSm yg0ifapzdk@ zdwfac:ygw,f? ,cktcsdefY 1946-47 ckESpf &Joydwf acgif;aqmif Adkvf0rf;armif/ Adkvfoef; armif/ Adkvfpdk;0if;eJ@ &Jwyfom;aygif; (3000)ausmf a&$wd*HkapwDawmfwufI “ua&mif;wHqdyfðzwf+yD; a'gif;wHqdyfvkyf=updk@” [laom aºuG;a=umfoHESifh oydwfarSmufcJh=ujcif;udk om;armif ppfonfawmfrsm;u twk,lcsdefwefa=umif; Ed_;aqmfvkdyg onf? &Jabmfwdk@onf ociftm;&u|efyg;0acwfudk ausmfv$m;+yD; OD;aESmufoHk; tvkyfvkyfwwfwJh jynfol@buf&yfwnfwJh jynfol@&Jabmfjzpfcsdefwefyg+yD? &Jabmfwdk@udk tbua&m jynfoluyg ar#mfvifhtm;udk;aeygw,f?

jynfolvlxkESifh om;armifppfonfawmfwdk@ vkyfaqmifcsuftay: AdkvfcsKyfrsm; wkwfwkwfr# rv_yfvsif aemufqHk; tqifhtaejzifh tbwa,mufwnf; axmif0wfpHkeJ@ vrf;ray:wufI qENjyygrnf? om;wdk@ óudwifodap&ef Ed_;aqmftyfyg onf?

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ausmif;om;ESifh vli,fxktm;

yef=um;v$m

 

ausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;cifAsm;

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tvkyform;ESifh v,form;xktm;

yef=um;v$m

 

jrefrmjynfrS tvkyform; v,form;rsm; cifAsm;

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ocifc&pfawmfonf &efolrsm;tm; =uifempGmjzifh um;wdkifay:rSaeI cGifhv$wfcJhovdk azazvnf; etz wzGJ@vHk;udk cGifhv$wfygw,f? cspfZeD;ESifh om;orD;wdk@vnf; cGifhv$wf=uyg? vlowform;rsm; wOD;pD rrSm;Edkifatmif od&aomtcGifh &aomfvnf; xdkvlowform;wdk@tm; w&m;pGJqdkr_jzifh &efwkef@jyefjcif; (vHk;0) rðyvkyf=uygeJ@/ olwdk@ udk bk&m;ocif cGifhv$wf+yD; aumif;csD;ay;&efudkom pdwfygvufyg tpOfqkawmif;ay;=uyg? azazonf aumif;uif a&$jynfrSaeI ZeD;eJ@ om;orD;wdk@twGuf *k%f,l+yD; yDwdjzmaerSmyg? aowrf;pmuawmh azaz axmifruscifu a&;cJhwJhtwdkif; twnfygyJ?

bk&m;ocif azazhrdom;pkudk aumif;}uD;ay;I apmifha&Smufawmfrlygap?

cspfcifowd&pGmjzifh aumif;uifbHkY jyefvnfawG@qHk=uonfhwdkifatmif

ygyg qvdkif;xGef;oef;

 

 

odk@

cspfcifav;pm;tyfaom jrefrmvlxk}uD; cifAsm;

u|efawmf t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef; av;pm;pGm tpD&ifcHtyfygonf? vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; EGHtdkif}uD;xJwGif epfrGef;aeaom jrefrmjynf}uD;udk etz vufwGif;rS u,fE_wf&ef xm0&bk&m;&Sifu u|efawmfhtm; trdef@awmfrSwfygonf? TuJhodk@ r[mappm;r_}uD;wGif u|efawmfonf ,ZfylaZmfrnfh odk;oli,f uJhodk@ ZGefv(19)&ufae@wGif r*Fvm'HkavqdyfY etz. vlowform;vufcsufjzifh towfcH&ygrnf?

u|efawmfhtm; owfaom vlowform;wdk@onf wOD;csif; rnfolrnf0g[k odEdkifaomfvnf; ,ckb0wGif ruyJ aemifoHo&mb0tqufqufY vlowform;wdk@tm; tEl;t!Gwf cGifhv$wfygonf? jrefrmvlxktm;vnf; xdkvlowform;rsm;udk vHk;0 w&m;pGJqdkr_ rðy&ef u|efawmf av;pm;pGm yef=um;cJhygonf?

jrefrmjynftm; bk&m;ocif aumif;csD;r*Fvm oGef;avmif;ygap?

cifrifav;pm;pGmjzifh

a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef;

t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ

acwWtar&duefjynfaxmifpk

 

 

odk@

yxrOD;qHk;aom 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm; cifAsm;

u|efawmf t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef; av;pm;pGm tpD&ifcHtyfygonf? xm0& bk&m;&Sif. tvdkawmft& vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;EGHtdkifxJwGif epfrGef;aeaom jrefrmjynf}uD;twGuf u|efawmf paw;cH&ygrnf? etz tpdk;&onf rdrdbmvkyfaeonfudk aocsmCepGm rodjcif;a=umifh u|efawmfhtm; owf=uyg rnf? xdkuJhodk@ owfjcif;twGuf ,ckb0wGifomruyJ aemifoHo&mb0tqufqufYyif u|efawmf cGifhv$wf+yD; om;jzpfygonf?

odk@jzpfygI u|efawmfhtm; owfolrsm; rnfolrnf0g[k txift&Sm; wOD;csif; od&aomfvnf; xdkvlowform;wdk@udk u|efawmfhtm; owfr_jzifh w&m;pGJqdkjcif;ðyvkyf&ef u|efawmf vHk;0 oabmrwlojzifh wm;jrpftyfygonf? =uyfwnf;pGm aqmif&Gufay;yg&ef txl;arwWm&yfcHygonf?

bk&m;ocif aumif;csD;ay;ygap?

csifcifav;pm;pGmjzifh

a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef;

t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ

acwWtar&duefjynfaxmifpk

 

 

odk@

AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$ESifh etz tzGJ@0ifrsm; cifAsm;

u|efawmf t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef; cifrifpGm tpD&ifcHtyfygonf? vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;EGHtdkif}uD;xJwGif epfrGef;aeaom jrefrmjynf}uD; vGwfajrmufap&eftwGuf vl}uD;rif;wdk@. vufxJwGif u|efawmf paw;cH&ef xm0&bk&m;&SifrS u|efawmfhtm; trdef@awmfrSwfygonf? etz tzGJ@wckvHk;onf EdkifiHa&; vrf;ray:Y vrf;paysmufaeaom OD;wnfcsufrJhaeonfh ppfom;c&D;onfjzpfonfhtavsmuf u|efawmfhtm; ta=umif;rJhowftHhaomiSm vufaES;rnf r[kwfa=umif; u|efawmf aumif;pGm em;vnfoabmaygufygonf? rdrd bmudkvkyfaea=umif; aocsmCepGm rodaom vlowform;wdk@tm; ,ckb0wGifrqdkxm;bd aemifoHo&m tqufqufwGifvnf; u|efawmfonf arwWmjzifh cGifhv$wfaernfom jzpfygonf?

u|efawmfhudk owfaomolrsm;tm; w&m;pGJqdkr_rS vHk;0vGwfuif;&ef u|efawmf. rdom;pkxHodk@ vnf; aumif;/ yxrOD;qHk;aom'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&xHodk@vnf;aumif;/ jynfolvlxktm;vnf;aumif; u|efawmf pma&;cJh+yD; jzpfygonf? xdkpmrsm;udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ 0g&SifwefòrdOE&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;odk@vnf;aumif;/ urBmhukvor*~odk@ vnf;aumif;/ oufqdkif&mrsm;odk@vnf;aumif; ydk@+yD;yg+yD? tu,fI xdkpmrsm; wenf;enf;a=umifh aysmufqHk;cJh vsif vl}uD;rif;wdk@tusdK; vHk;0r,kwfap&ef u|efawmf. tavmif;tusôtdyfxJrS Ed_uf,lI vdktyfovdk toHk;ðyyg? vl}uD;rif;wdk@ u|efawmfhtm; owfaomfvnf; rnfolr# w&m;pGJqdkr_ rðyEdkifa=umif; tmrcH+yD; Tpmudk a&;I ay;ydk@vdkufygonf?

bk&m;ocif oifwdk@tm; aumif;csD;ay;ygapaomf0f/

apwemarwWmjzifh

a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef;

t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ

acwWtar&duefjynfaxmifpk

rSwfcsuf? ? oufqdkif&myk*d~Kvfrsm;xHa&;aompmrsm;udk odjrifEdkif&ef yl;wGJay;ydk@ygonf?

 

rar#mfrSef;0Hhaom b0opftwGuf wyfvSef‹jcif;

(Sounding the Alarm for the Impossible Dream)

aumif;uifwrGwf =u,fudkqGwf&ef rar#mfrSef;0Hhaomfvnf; tpGrf;ukef óud;pm;I qGwfcl;=u&ef ,ckyif jyifqif=uygpdk@?

vufeuftm;udk; AmvrsdK;wdk@u igwdk@&Jh ±dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ zsufqD;+yD; ajr,mtdk;tdrf odrf;qnf;av+yD? igwdk@&Jh udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udkyif òzdzsufI orD;ysdKwdk@udkvnf; ajcawmfwif=u+yD? trSefw&m; azmfusL;=uaom a&mif;&if;wdk@udk tusOf;csI tcsdKOE&Jh ZD0defudkvnf; csKyf+idrf;ap+yD? vl@tcGifhta&; rSefor# qdwfokOf;&m trSefw&m; onf trSm;w&m;jzpfav+yD?

trSefw&m;odk@ wnfhrwfay;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmh[k xif&aom b0qdk;}uD;udk jyefvnfaxmifrwf=u&ef vufwGJrðzwfpwrf; tpGrf;ukeftm;xkwfI vkyfaqmif=uygpdk@?

ol&Jaumif;rsm;yif ajccs&efr0Hhaom csdKifh0Srf;xJodk@ av#mufvSrf;=u&ef rar#mfrSef;rdaom owdWtjynfhjzifh ,ckyif igwdk@ av#mufvSrf;=uygpdk@?

om,m0ajymI at;csrf;aom b0onf a0;vH+yD; ar#mfvifhjcif;uif;vkeD;aomfvnf; igwdk@ &yfem;raebJ trsm;olig aumif;pm;a&;twGuf 0ifoufwcsuf jyif;jyif;±SLvsuf &Sdor#tm;tif jzpf!‡pfxkwfum aorif;t&dyf v$rf;rdk;aom c&D;=urf;udk nDnmzszs wufvSrf;=uygpdk@?

opfvGifawmufyaomb0 vdktyfaeonfh rsdK;qufopfwdk@twGuf igwdk@onf csdeJ@EGrf;vs vufyef;usae aomfvnf; aemufqHk;tm;tif tukeftpif xkwfI igwdk@vufudk csDr=uukefpdk@?

atmifyGJqif&ef rjzpfEdkifawmh[k xif&aom&efol 'l;axmufvmapjcif;iSm vufeufrJhonfh trSefw&m; vuf0,fxm;I cGifhv$wfjcif;ESifh arwWmw&m;udk qGJudkifum wnDw!Gwfwnf; wGef;vSef=uygpdk@?

jzpfay:vmrnfh rcHr&yf rajzqnfEdkifaom 0rf;enf;a=uuGJzG,f&m jzpf&yfrsm;twGufvnf; onf;cH cGifhv$wfjcif;ESifh &ifqdkif&ef ,ckyif jyifqifxm;=uygpdk@?

igwdk@aoG;om;rsdK;qufopfrsm;twGuf apwem/ arwWmrGefjzifh pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;&jcif;a=umifh igwdk@b0 ul;+yD;aomtcg usef&pfcJhrnfh jrefrmjynfonf opfvGif+idrf;csrf; om,m0ajym+yD; aumif;csD;r*FvmtjzmjzmESifh urBmhyGJvnfwifhapownf;?

 

a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef;.

twˆKy`wdWtusOf;

arG;ouU&mZf - 31-3-28(trSef 31-3-28)

arG;Zmwd - o&ufc±dkif/ rif;wkef;òrdOEe,f/ tif;jApf&Gm?

rdb - OD;ydk;&Srf/ a':jr&D?

ZeD;om;orD; - rdkifcifEGJ@/ om; (1)/ orD; (4)?

ynma&; - atbDtrfcsif;ausmif;/ o&ufòrdOE/ 6 wef;atmif/ (1942)wuUodkvf0ifwef;atmif/ rlvwef;vGefausmif; o&ufòrdOE (1947) B.S.c (Agri) &efukefwuUodkvf rEWav; (1953)/ r[modyH`/ University of Georgia, USA (1955)/ yg&*l/ University of Wisconsin, USA (1958)

tvkyftudkif- atmufwef;pma&;/ ykvdyfrif;}uD;±Hk; (1951)/ &efukef/ ydk;r$m;t&m&Sd/ iSufzsm;a&m*g wdkufzsufa&;Xme/ &efukef (1953)/ vufaxmufuxdu/ pdkufysdK;a&;r[mXme/ rEWav;wuUodkvf (59)/ uxdu/ pdkufysdK;a&;r[mXme/ rEWav;wuUodkvf (61)/ ygarmuQ/ pdkufysdK;a&;wuUodkvf/ rEWav; (64)/ ygarmuQcsKyf/ pdkufysdK;a&;wuUodkvf/ a&qif; (80-84)/ ygarmuQ/ pdkufysdK;a&;wuUodkvf/ a&qif; (84-90) yifpif,l/

vlr_a&;vkyfief;- pdkufysdK;a&;bGJ@& orv,f,m/ a&qif;/ (1973)/ awmifay:a'obufpHk aus;vuf zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef; (1993)

ppfbufqdkif&mywfoufr_- t&efwyfom; (1943) tif;jApf&Gm

- vufa&G;pifwyfom; (1944) tif;jApf&Gm

- ausmif;om;&Jacgif (1946) o&ufòrdOE

- c±dkifppfacgif;aqmif (1947) o&ufòrdOE

- uGefjrLepfESifh autJefif'Dtdkwdk@ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufjcif; (1949) arSmfbD/ 'nif;ukef;

- wyfrª;/ wuUodkvft&efwyf&if; (1969-74) rEWav;

EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufr_- 2001 'DZifbmvwGif &efukefòrdOEawmfcef;ra&SOE qENjyr_jzifh axmif(7)ESpfus/ (18)vwGif jyefvGwfvm/ (2003 arv)

- 2006 etztm; rdrd rw&m;&,lxm;aom tm%mudk jynfoltm; tyfESif;&ef awmif;qdk/ ‚if;twGuf +idrf;csrf;pGm wdkufyGJ0if&ef jyifqif?

 

a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef;.

udk,fa&;twˆKy`wdW

arG;ouU&mZf- trSef 31-3-28 (1289 ck aESmif;wmu;lvqef; 11 &uf)

w&m;0if 28-3-30

arG;Zmwd- o&ufc±dkif/ rif;wkef;òrdOEe,f/ tif;jApf&Gm?

rdb- OD;ykd;&Srf/ a':jr&D?

ZeD;om;orD;- rdkifcifEGJ@/ om; (1)/ orD; (4)?

1928-45- rdbESpfyg;uGJ/ rdcifbuf bdk;bGm;ESifh tif;jApf&GmwGif ae/

1937-42- o&ufòrdOE atbDtrfausmif;wGif 6 wef;atmif

1942-45- tif;jApf&GmwGif rdcifESifh awmif,mvkyfief;vkyf/

1943- t&efwyfom; ppfr_xrf; (apwemh0efxrf;)

1944- vufa&G;pifwyfom; ppfr_xrf; (apwemh0efxrf;)

1946-47- o&ufòrdOE/ rlvwef;vGefausmif;ae/ wuUodkvf0ifwef;atmif/

(46) ausmif;om;&Jacgif ppfr_xrf; (apwemh0efxrf;)

(47 )c±dkifppfacgif;aqmif (csif;umuG,fa&;wyf)

1948-53- &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ausmif;ae

(49 )uGefjrLepf (arSmfbDwdkufyGJ)/ autJef'Dtdk ('nif;ukef;wdkufyGJ) &ifqdkifwdkufyGJrsm;wGif yg0if?

*syfpifbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; aemufcef;ae/ ta&SOEjrufcif;ESifh ausmif;ywfvnf a&!d‡rsm; &Sif;?

{nfhygarmuQcsKyf Dr.CD Turner tdrfaptjzpfae/ {nfhygarmuQESifhtwl ,dk;',m;EdkifiH odk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfonf?

jyifyusyef;vkyfief; 0ifvkyfI 0ifaiG&SmI ausmif;ae

ykvdyfrif;}uD;±Hk; (IGP)wGif atmufwef;pma&;vkyf (51)/

rEWav;&Sd pdkufysdK;a&;r[mXmerS B.S.c (Agri) atmif (53)

&efukefòrdOE iSufzsm;a&m*gESdrfeif;a&;XmewGif ydk;r$m;t&m&Sdvkyf (53)

1953-58- tar&duefjynf University of Georgia Y MS bGJ@ Sigma Xi *k%fxl;ESifh&? EdkifiHjcm; ausmif;om;toif;Y OuUÏ vkyf (54-55)/

University of Wisconsin Y Ph.D. bGJ@&/ wuUodkvf[pfwdkif/ bGJ@&aqG;aEG;yGJY wufºuGpGm yg0if/

wuUodkvfqdk&S,fvpftoif; 'kOuUÏvkyfcJh?

1959-73- vufaxmuf uxdu (59)/ uxdu (61)/ ygarmuQ (64)wGif &&Sd/

yg&*l bGJ@vGefavhvma&; University of Florida, USA odk@ oGm; (62)

wuUodkvfrsm; q&mtoif; 'kOuUÏ/ twGif;a&;rª;vkyf/

wuUodkvfqD;edwfq&mrsm;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf tzGJ@0if/

rEWav;wuUodkvfrsm; pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_ A[dkaumfrDwD OuUÏ/

rEWav;wuUodkvfe,fajr &vu OuUÏ/

wuUodkvfq&m}uD;rsm; uvyfpnf;acgif;aqmif/

wuUodkvft&efwyf&if;rª;/ rEWav;/(69-74)

 

1973-90- arSmfbDAdkvfoifwef;ausmif; wuf (74)

pdkufysdK;a&;bGJ@&/ orv,f,m (acwfOD;) wnfaxmif (73)

wuUodkvfrsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDESifh ynma&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if/

wuUodkvftvkyform; OuUÏ/

apwem&Sif ausmif;om;axmufyHha&;twGuf vufbuf&nfqdkif OuUÏ/

ysOf;rem;òrdhe,f ajrmufydkif;a'o ygwDpdwfrsm; acgif;aqmif/

or0g,rXme !¸efcsKyf urf;vSrf;r_udk jiif;y,f/

pdkufysdK;a&;okawoepmapmif t,f'Dwm/

EdkifiHjcm;ynmoif a&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@0if/

wuUodkvfpdkufysdK;ynm rmwdum a&;qGJ&ef (4)EdkifiHavhvma&;tzGJ@0if (*syef/ zdvdydkif/ xdkif;/ tdEdN,)

(88) ta&;awmfyHk ausmif;om;or*~ t}uHay;t&m&Sd/

a&qif;pdkufysdK;a&;wuUodkvfygarmuQcsKyf (81-84)

v,f,moD;ESHXmeygarmuQtaejzifh t+idrf;pm;,l (90)

1991-2001- awmifay:a'o bufpHk aus;vufzGH@òzd;a&;twGuf pDrHudef;jzpfajrmufEdkifr_ avhvm/ pDrHudef; a&;qGJ (1991-92)/

rauG;wdkif;/ rif;bl;c±dkif/ irJòrdOEe,f/ awmifay:a'o/ cGefZlpcef;wGif urŠvmcif;pdkufysdK;/ awmifapmif; pHjypdkufysdK;,mcif;wnfaxmif/ ZD0,mcif; vkyfudkif/ b,aq;yiftcif; wnfaxmif/ a&wHcGefrS v#yfppfxkwfvkyf/ oifwef;aqmifaqmufI qDavsmfynmrsm; oif=um;?

v,f,mvkyfief;ti,fpm;rsm;udpP aqG;aEG;&ef zdvdydkif (96)/ *smreD (98)/ xdkif;EdkifiH (2000)wdk@odk@ oGm;a&mufcJh?

2001-2003- &efukefòrdOEawmfcef;ra&SOE wudk,fawmfqENjyr_jzifh axmif(7)ESpfus/ axmifwGif; tpmiwfqENjyr_a=umifh (18)vae+yD; vGwfvmonf?

2003-2005- axmifwGif;tawG@tóuH/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'/ pdkufysdK;ESifh 0ef;usifom,ma&;/ 'Drdkua&pD +idrf;csrf;pGm &&SdEdkifa&;pmtkyfudk Price of Freedom trnfjzifh a&;/

tar&duef EdkifiHodk@ oGm;a&mufonf?

2006- AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$ESifh etz tzGJ@xH rdrdwdk@ rw&m;&,lxm;aom EdkifiHawmftm%m udk rlvydkif&Sif jynfolvlxktm; ay;tyf&ef wdkufwGef;?

'Drdkua&pD +idrf;csrf;pGm &&Sda&;wdkufyGJtwGuf oGm;a&mufqifE$J&ef jyifqif?

 

odk@

taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyf

urBmhukvor*~

urBmhukvor*~taqmuftOD;

e,l;a&mufòrdh

 

ta=umif;t&m? ? u|efawmfh. vlowform;rsm;tm; vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;jcif;/

touf (78)ESpf&Sdjzpfjzpfaom jrefrmjynfom; t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef; av;pm;pGm tpD&ifcHtyfygonf? jrefrmjynfonf EdkifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&;EHGxJwGif epfrGef;vsuf &Sdaeygonf? TudpPY xm0& bk&m;&Sifonf u|efawmftm; jrefrmjynfudk u,fwifapvdkI odk;oli,f,ZfaumifuJhodk@ ZGefv (19)&ufae@ axmif0wfpHk 0wfjzLawmf0wfI 'Drdkua&pD &&Sda&;twGuf touftaocH&ygrnf?

u|efawmfhtm; owfjzwfolrsm;wGif trdef@ay;ol/ trdef@o,f,lvmol/ udk,fxdvufa&muf owfjzwfol rsm; rnfolrnf0gjzpfa=umif; xifay:vmaomfvnf; xdkolwdk@tm; ,ckb0wGifomr[kwfyJ aemifoHo&m tqufqufwGif u|efawmf cGifhv$wfygonf? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfhudk owfolwdk@tm; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;iSm u|efawmf . rdom;pkuaomfvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&uaomfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkuaomfvnf;aumif; vHk;0 rðyvkyf=u&ef wm;jrpfay;ygrnfhta=umif; av;pm;pGm yef=um;tyfygonf cifAsm;?

av;pm;pGmjzifh

a'gufwmqvdkif;xGef;oef;

t+idrf;pm;ygarmuQ

acwWtar&duefjynfaxmifpk

rSwfcsuf? ? oufqdkif&m yk*d~Kvfrsm;xH a&;xm;onfhpmrsm;udkvnf; yl;wGJay;ydk@ygonf?

 

urBmhukvor*~ESifh tzGJ‹0ifEdkifiHrsm;. tpdk;&wdk‹xH

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urBmhukvor*~ twGif;a&;rª;csKyfESifh 'Drdkua&pD jrwfEdk;aomtzGJ@0iftpdk;&rsm; cifAsm;

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